Sling assemblies for treating urinary incontinence and methods related thereto

ABSTRACT

A surgical fastener for use in surgical procedures comprises a first member, a second member, and an anchor. Surgical materials may be secured within the surgical fastener. Methods of securing the surgical fastener to an anatomical structure are disclosed herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/025,388, filed on Dec. 19, 2001, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention generally relates to fasteners used in surgicalprocedures and more specifically, to fasteners used to secure surgicalmaterials to anatomical structures.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Surgical materials such as sutures, slings, and/or patches are anchoredto anatomical structures during numerous surgical procedures. In someprocedures, the surgeon manipulates the surgical material, such as asling, to access the anatomical implantation site, threads a suture intothe sling and through the anatomical structure, and then knots thesuture to secure the sling at the anatomical structure.

In surgical procedures where the anatomical implantation site isdifficult to access hand suturing to secure the surgical material to theanatomical implantation site is difficult, if not impossible.Inaccessibility of the anatomical site requires that the suture knot betied remotely and then slid to the anchoring site. Such anchoringprocedures are time consuming and require surgical skill. Insufficientknot tension and improper knot positioning risks improperly securedsurgical material.

In other surgical procedures, surgical anchors are used to securesurgical materials at the implantation site. In such applications, asuture is threaded through an eyelet disposed through a surgical anchorand the suture secures the surgical material to the surgical anchor. Insuch procedures, the surgical material may be attached to the surgicalanchor via a suture before or after the anchor is affixed to theanatomical structure. Alternatively, the surgical material is positionedinside the body of a patient, and a surgical anchor is pierced justthrough the surgical material and then into the anatomical site toanchor the surgical material into the anatomical implantation site.

If a fastener is used to anchor surgical material to anatomicalstructures, fasteners can generally require multiple steps in order tosecure the surgical material to the implantation site. Some fastenersrequire positioning the material and suturing the material at the siteof attachment to the anatomical structure. Other fasteners require thesurgeon to manipulate the surgical material to the appropriate positioninside the body of the patient and then pierce or otherwise attach thematerial to the anatomical structure using the fastener.

Thus, current surgical methods require surgeons to employ multiple stepsto implant surgical material at the anatomical implantation site.Eliminating surgical steps increases the speed at which surgicalprocedures are performed which in turn reduces the length of time duringwhich the patient is under anesthesia. Furthermore, decreasing thenumber of surgical steps reduces the operating room time required forthe surgery, providing improved patient care as well as economicadvantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to surgical fasteners that eliminate asurgical step that requires a surgeon to secure material to be implantedin a patients body, to a fastener while working inside the body of thepatient. The instant invention is a surgical fastener that enablessurgeons to secure surgical material to a fastener prior to commencingsurgery, and then to anchor only the surgical fastener within thepatient during surgery.

The surgical fastener according to the invention also reduces thevariability in surgical anchoring associated with insufficient knottension and improper positioning caused by difficult anchoring siteaccessibility and surgeon skill level variability. The surgical materialaccording to the invention may be introduced into areas of the body thatare difficult to access and anchored within the patient. The surgicalmaterials according to the invention are pre-attached to the anchorobviating the need by the surgeon to attach the surgical materials tothe anchor at the implantation site.

The present invention relates to a surgical fastener featuring a firstmember and a second member and an anchor. The method also relates tomethods of securing the surgical fastener to an anatomical structure.

In general, in one aspect, the surgical fastener features a first memberand a second member, the first member has a proximal end and a distalend and the first member defines at least a first interior face and afirst exterior face extending therebetween. The first member includes afirst engagement element. The second member has a proximal end and adistal end and the second member defines at least a second interior faceand a second exterior face extending therebetween. The second memberincludes a second engagement element. The first engagement element andthe second engagement element are capable of engaging to fix the firstinterior face and the second interior face in proximity. In someembodiments, the second engagement element fits and mates with the firstengagement element. The surgical fastener includes an anchor to securethe first member and second member to an anatomical structure.

In some embodiments, the anchor also is disposed on the first interiorface of the first member and is the first engagement element and anaperture disposed through the second member is the second engagementelement. The surgical fastener is placed in the closed position when theanchor passes through the aperture. In other embodiments of the surgicalfastener, the anchor is disposed on an exterior face of the first memberor the second member of the surgical fastener. The anchor may be securedto anatomical structures such as, for example, bone, cartilage, tissue,muscle, and ligament.

Embodiments of the invention also include surgical fasteners in which ananchor is not integral with the first member or the second member. Inone embodiment, the first member defines a first aperture extendingtherethrough and the second member defines a second aperture extendingtherethrough and the first and second apertures may be positioned todefine an opening through the first member and the second member of thesurgical fastener. When the surgical fastener is placed in a closedposition the opening defined through the first member and the secondmember permits an anchor to pass through the surgical fastener. In oneembodiment, the anchor includes a tapered head, a shank, and a base. Inyet another embodiment, the anchor is attached to the fastener by aflexible tether. In one embodiment, a hinge attaches the first memberand the second member. The anchor may be freely attached to the surgicalfastener by piercing the flexible tether through the hinge.Alternatively, a surgical fastener comprising a first member, a secondmember, and a hinge may hold a flexible tether between the interior faceof the first member and the interior face of the second member.

Further, the first member and the second member may include one or morefirst engagement element and one or more mating second engagementelement. Exemplary first and second engagement elements include: a pinand a blind hole, a pin and an aperture, and a ridge and a groove thatare disposed on the first member and the second member of the surgicalfastener, respectively. In some embodiments, the distal end of the firstmember has a first engagement element tongue and the distal end of thesecond member has a second engagement element notch. In one embodiment,the first member and the second member have a substantially similar sizeand/or configuration.

When the first member and the second member are properly oriented sothat the first engagement element and the second engagement elementcouple, the surgical fastener is coupled and positioned in the closedposition. In one embodiment, the surgical fastener is irreversiblycoupled, i.e., the first member and the second member are maintained inproximity and in the closed position.

In general, in another aspect, the invention features a surgicalfastener system that includes at least one surgical fastener includingan anchor and having a first member and a second member and a surgicalmaterial. The surgical material is secured within the surgical fastener.The surgical material is selected from the group consisting of slings,sutures, meshes, yarns, tapes, threads, grafts, fabrics, and sheaths.

In yet another aspect, the invention features a method of securing asurgical fastener system of an anatomical structure. According to themethod, the surgical fastener system is releasably attached to asurgical implantation device, the surgical fastener is introduced to ananatomical structure implantation site. The surgical fastener isanchored to the anatomical structure implantation site.

The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages ofthe invention will become more apparent from the following descriptionand from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1A illustrates a plan view of one disclosed embodiment of asurgical fastener with an integral anchor in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 1B illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener with integral anchor including a first engagement element pinand a second engagement element blind hole, in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 1C illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener with integral anchor including a first engagement element pinand a second engagement element aperture, in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIGS. 1D to 1F illustrate various embodiments of the first engagementelement pin and second engagement element aperture illustrated in FIG.1C.

FIG. 1G illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener with integral anchor including a first engagement element ridgeand a second engagement element groove, in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 1H illustrates a plan view of an embodiment of the surgicalfastener illustrated in FIG. 1G in the closed position;

FIG. 1I illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener with integral anchor including a first engagement element pinand a second engagement element blind hole, in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 1J illustrates a plan view of an embodiment of the surgicalfastener illustrated in FIG. 1I in the closed position;

FIG. 2A illustrates a longitudinal section of another embodiment of asurgical fastener with integral anchor including a hinge and a firstengagement element tongue and a second engagement element notch, inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2B illustrates the surgical fastener of FIG. 2A in the closedposition;

FIG. 2C illustrates the another embodiment of a surgical fastener withintegral anchor including at least one first engagement element tongueand at least one second engagement element notch, in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 2D illustrates a longitudinal section of another embodiment of asurgical fastener with integral anchor including a hinge and a firstengagement element tongue and a second engagement element notch and alsoincluding a first engagement element pin and second engagement elementblind hole, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3A is a plan view of the open position of another embodiment of asurgical fastener with integral anchor in which the integral anchorprovides a first engagement element and the second engagement element isan aperture, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3B is a plan view of the closed position of the surgical fastenerillustrated in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C is a plan view of the surgical fastener system where thesurgical fastener illustrated in FIG. 3A is in the closed position andsurgical material is held by the surgical fastener.

FIG. 4A is a longitudinal section of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener including a free anchor attached by a flexible tether, inaccordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 4B to 4D is a plan view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener with free anchor including a first engagement element pin andsecond engagement element aperture, in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 5A is a plan view of an embodiment of a surgical fastener systemwith integral anchor, in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5B is a plan view of an embodiment of a surgical fastener systemwith free anchor, in accordance with the present invention; and

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a surgical fastener system used in accordancewith surgical methods of the present invention.

FIG. 6C to 6G illustrate methods of employing the surgical fastenersystem of FIGS. 6A and 6B to treat urinary incontinence.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention depends, in part, upon the recognition thatmethods for attaching surgical materials known in the art are timeconsuming and that the efficacy of these methods are subject to variablesurgical skill level. Thus, the present invention provides for improvedsurgical anchor attachment devices, as well as methods that employ suchdevices.

DEFINITIONS

In order to more clearly and concisely point out the subject matter ofthe claimed invention, the following definitions are provided forspecific terms which are used in the following written description andappended claims.

Anatomical structure. As used herein, the term “anatomical structure”means any macroscopic structure comprising all or a portion of a tissueor organ within the body of an animal. Examples include but are notlimited to bone, cartilage, tissue, muscle, fascia and ligament.

Anchor. As used herein, the term “anchor” means a surgical suture, tape,tack, screws, nails, staple, steak, other tissue piercing devices or asimilar device used to securely attach surgical materials to ananatomical structure.

Aperture. As used herein, the term “aperture” means a hole in an objectthat extends through the object from one surface of the object toanother surface of the object and is visible from at least two surfacesof the object.

Blind hole. As used herein, the term “blind hole” means a hole in anobject that does not extend through the object and is only visible fromone surface of the object.

Coupling. As used herein, with respect to a first engagement element anda second engagement element, the term “coupling” means complementaryshapes, shaped with respect to each other such that when placed inproximity or pushed together the first engagement element and the secondengagement element join or mate, i.e., fit together. Examples ofcoupling first and second engagement elements include a pin and a blindhole; a pin and an aperture; a tongue and a notch; a ridge and a groove.

Detachable surgical anchor implantation device. As used herein, the term“detachable surgical anchor implantation device” means an instrumentthat releasably engages a surgical anchor and detaches from the anchorafter implantation or insertion of the anchor in an anatomicalstructure.

Engagement element. As used herein, the term “engagement element” meansan element that can interlock and mesh with a mating engagement element.

Flexible tether. As used herein, the term “flexible tether” means aline, suture, thread, lead or restraint that may be attached to anobject and may be moved from site to site.

Implantation site. As used herein, the term “implantation site” meansthe location inside the body of the patient where the anchor attached tothe surgical fastener is secured.

Integral. As used herein, the term “integral” means formed as a unit orjoined to form a single integrated unit.

Surgical material. As used herein, the term “surgical material” means aphysical object that is secured to an anatomical structure at animplantation site during surgery. Such surgical materials include butare not limited to slings, sutures, meshes, yarns, tapes, threads,grafts, fabrics, and sheaths.

General Considerations

Generally, the surgical fastener of the present invention includes afirst member and a second member and an anchor. Also, the surgicalfastener may comprise one or more engagement elements that secure asurgical material within the surgical fastener. In some embodiments ofthe present invention, the engagement element secures the first memberand the second member of the surgical fastener in the closed position.In an alternative embodiment, the anchor performs some or all ofmultiple functions: it is the engagement element that secures surgicalmaterials within the surgical fastener, it maintains the first member,and the second member of the surgical fastener in the closed position,and it anchors the fastener to an anatomical structure. The surgicalfastener is secured to the desired anatomical structure by driving theanchor of the surgical fastener into the anatomical structure to attachthe surgical fastener to the target anatomical structure. Surgicalfasteners may be employed in a plurality of surgical procedures, forexample, urinary incontinence, tissue approximation, and vesselocclusion.

Methods employing the present invention enable surgeons to securesurgical material inside the body of a patient in fewer steps then otherprocedures thus reducing the time required for the surgery.Specifically, methods of the invention eliminate the surgical steps thatrequire a surgeon to first manipulate and position the surgicalmaterial, and then, second, to secure the material at the implantationsite within the patient's body. Surgeons may use the present inventionto secure surgical material within a surgical fastener system, prior tocommencing surgery. According to the invention, the surgeon needs onlyto anchor the surgical fastener system at the anatomical implantationsite during surgery, eliminating the first step of manipulating andpositioning the surgical material, thereby simplifying and reducing thetime required for the surgical procedure.

Surgical Fastener

Referring to FIG. 1A, an embodiment of a surgical fastener 80 inaccordance with the present invention is illustrated. The surgicalfastener 80 includes a first member 10 and a second member 20.

The first member 10 has a proximal end 101 and a distal end 102. Thefirst member 10 includes a first interior face 11 and a first exteriorface 12. The second member 20 includes a second interior face 21 and asecond exterior face 22. In one embodiment according to the invention,an anchor 100 is integral to the first exterior face 12 of the firstmember 10. Alternatively, the anchor 100 can be fixed to the secondexterior face 22 of the second member 20. The anchor 100 on the firstexterior face 12 may be disposed on the proximal end 101, the distal end102, or anywhere therebetween.

As shown in FIG. 1A, in one embodiment the anchor 100 is attached nearthe midpoint between the proximal end 101 and the distal end 102 of thefirst exterior face 12 of the first member 10. In one embodiment, theanchor 100 has a shank 120 and a tapered head 110. One end of shank 120is integral with the first exterior face 12 of the first member 10. Thesecond end of shank 120 extends beyond the first exterior face 12 of thefirst member 10. The tapered head 110 is positioned at the second end ofthe shank 120. In alternative embodiments, the anchor may be formed as acylinder, a screw, a staple, a steak, or in any other form of attachmentdevice known in the surgical arts.

Referring still to FIG. 1A, in one embodiment according to theinvention, the first interior face 11 of first member 10 has at least afirst engagement element 40. The second interior face 21 of secondmember 20 has a second engagement element 50. When first member 10 andsecond member 20 of surgical fastener 80 are placed in proximity andproperly oriented, the first engagement element 40 and the secondengagement element 50 are aligned so that first engagement element 40and second engagement element 50 couple. When the first member 10 andthe second member 20 are properly oriented so that at least the firstengagement element 40 and second engagement element 50 couple, thesurgical fastener 80 transitions from the open position to the closedposition. In some embodiments, when the surgical fastener 80 is coupled,the surgical fastener 80 is irreversibly maintained in the closedposition. One or more first engagement element 40 may be positioned onthe interior face 11 of the first member 10, and a corresponding numberof complementary second engagement element(s) 50 may be present on theinterior face 21 of second member 20 of the surgical fastener 80.

Optionally, a first engagement element 40 and a second engagementelement 50 may be placed on the same member 20 of the surgical fastener80. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B, both a first engagement element 40and a second engagement element 50 may be placed on the first interiorface 11 of first member 10. Also, a coupling second engagement element50 and first engagement element 40 may be placed on the second interiorface 21 of the second member 20. When the first member 10 and the secondmember 20 are properly oriented so that the complementary firstengagement element 40 and second engagement element 50 on each membercouple, the first member and the second member surgical fastener 80 maybe engaged and thus placed in the closed position. In one embodiment,the first member 10 and the second member 20 have a substantiallysimilar size and/or configuration.

Generally, the dimensions of the first engagement element 40 and thesecond engagement element 50 are selected according to the dimensions ofthe surgical material to be secured by the surgical fastener 80. Forexample, surgical fastener 80 may be used to attach a suburethral slingto the pubic bone of a female patient to treat urinary incontinence.Such a surgical fastener 80 may employ one or more first engagementelements, for example, pins 40 measuring in the range of 1 cm to 4 cm,preferably 2 cm in length, from where the pin is disposed on the firstinterior face 11, the pin having a diameter in range of about 0.125 cmto 0.5 cm, preferably, 0.25 cm. In a surgical application where thedevice is employed to attach, for example, an artificial ligament, thepin 40 will be appropriately shaped and sized for the application whereit is used.

FIG. 1C provides an alternative embodiment of the surgical fastener 80of the invention. In this embodiment, one or more first engagementelements 40 are attached to the first interior face 11 of first member10. One or more second engagement elements 50 are defined by the secondmember 20 positioned on the second interior face 21. For example, one ormore apertures 50 extend through the second member 20 from the secondinterior face 21 through to the second exterior face 22. The positionand dimensions of one or more pins 40 are chosen to be complementary tothe apertures 50. The dimensions of an aperture 50 may have a largerdiameter then the pin 40, for example, as shown in FIGS. 1C through 1F.Alternatively, the dimensions of the second engagement element 50 may bedesigned to be close to the dimensions of the first engagement element40 such that when coupled the first engagement element and the secondengagement element fit one another closely.

Referring to FIGS. 1C to 1F, when the first member 10 and the secondmember 20 are in proximity and alignment and surgical fastener 80 isplaced in the closed position, the pin 40 extends through the secondengagement element, aperture 50. The pin 40 may extend all the waythrough aperture 50 and be flush with the second exterior face 22 asillustrated in FIG. 1D. Alternatively, the pin 40 may extend beyond thesecond exterior face 22 and protrude beyond the second exterior face 22as illustrated in FIG. 1E. In yet another embodiment, the pin 40 mayextend part way through aperture 50 leaving a portion of aperture 50unfilled, as illustrated in FIG. 1F. In some embodiments, the aperture50, as shown in FIGS. 1D to 1F, may be designed to couple with the pin40 so that the dimensions of pin 40 and the dimensions of aperture 50are close.

In another embodiment according to the invention, illustrated in FIG.10, the first engagement element 40 includes one or more ridges on thefirst interior face 11 of first member 10. The second engagement element50 includes one or more grooves complementary to the ridges 40positioned on the second interior face 21 of the second member 20. Whenthe first member 10 and the second member 20 of the surgical fastener 80are placed in proximity and properly oriented, the first engagementelement 40 ridge and the second engagement element 50 groove are alignedso that ridge 40 and groove 50 couple. As illustrated in FIG. 1H, whenthe first member 10 and the second member 20 are properly oriented sothat the first engagement element 40 and the second engagement element50 couple, the surgical fastener 80 transitions from the open positionto the closed position. One or more first engagement element ridge(s) 40may be positioned on the interior face 11 of the first member 10 and acorresponding and complementary number of second engagement elementgrooves 50 may be present on the second interior face 21 of the secondmember 20 of the surgical fastener 80. The position size and shape ofthe grooves 50 are complementary to the size and shape of the ridges 40.In some embodiments the dimensions of the ridge(s) 40 and groove(s) 50are close and each ridge 40 and groove 50 couple closely.

Generally, the dimensions of the first engagement element ridge 40 andthe second engagement element groove 50 are selected according to thedimensions of the surgical material to be secured by the surgicalfastener 80. In one embodiment, each ridge 40 disposed on the interiorface 11 of the first member 10 of surgical fastener 80 has the samedimension. Alternatively, the interior face 11 of the first member 10 ofthe surgical fastener 80 may include ridges 40 that have differentdimensions. The dimensions of ridge 40 and groove 50 will be selectedaccording to the surgical application and surgical material that isbeing secured by the surgical fastener 80. For example, the ridge 40 ofthe surgical fastener 80 employed to treat female urinary incontinencemay have a length in the range of 1 cm to about 4 cm, preferably 2 cm inlength. The greatest thickness of the ridge, measured from the firstinterior surface 11 of the first member 10, may measure in the range of0.5 cm to about 1 cm long, preferably 0.75 cm in length. The groove 50may be complementary to the size and shape of the ridge 40 such thatwhen the ridge 40 and groove 50 are placed in proximity and properlyoriented, the ridge 40 and the groove 50 are coupled. When the ridge 40and groove 50 are coupled, the surgical fastener 80 is in the closedposition.

As shown in FIG. 1I, in one embodiment according to the invention, thefirst engagement element 40 comprises one or more pins attached to thefirst interior face 11 of first member 10. The second engagement element50 comprises one or more blind holes defined by second member 20positioned on the second interior face 21 of second member 20. The blindhole 50 does not extend through the second member 20 but, rather, formsa cavity.

When the first member 10 and the second member 20 of the surgicalfastener 80 move from the open position, illustrated in FIG. 1I, and areplaced in proximity and properly oriented, the first engagement elementpin 40 and the second engagement element blind hole 50 are aligned sothat the pin 40 enters the blind hole 50. The pin 40 and blind hole 50are coupled such that the surgical fastener 80 has transitioned from theopen position to the closed position, illustrated in FIG. 1J. Referringagain to FIG. 1I, in one embodiment according to the invention, one ormore first engagement elements 40 may be positioned on the interior face11 of the first member 10, and a corresponding number of complementarysecond engagement elements may be present on the interior face 21 of thesecond member 20 of the surgical fastener 80. The position anddimensions of pin 40 are chosen to be complementary to the depth ofblind hole 50. For example, a surgical fastener 80 used to attach asuburethral sling to the pubic bone of a female patient to treat urinaryincontinence may employ one or more pins 40 measuring in the range of 1cm to 5 cm, preferably 2 cm in length, from where the pin 40 is disposedon the first interior face 11, the pin 40 having a diameter in range ofabout 0.125 cm to 0.5 cm, preferably, 0.25 cm. In a surgical applicationwhere the device is employed to attach, for example, an artificialligament, the pin 40 will be appropriately shaped and sized for theapplication where it is used.

FIG. 2A illustrates another embodiment of a surgical fastener 80including a first member 10, a second member 20, and a hinge section 30.The surgical fastener 80 also features an anchor 100 attached to thefirst exterior face 12 of first member 10. The hinge section 30 joinsthe proximal end 101 of first member 10 to the proximal end 201 ofsecond member 20. The distal end 102 of the first member 10 features atongue 40. A notch 50 capable of coupling with the tongue 40 ispositioned at the distal end 202 of the second member 20.

Referring to FIG. 2A, the surgical fastener is in the open position whenthe first member 10 and the second member 20 are aligned and placed inproximity, the hinge section 30 is compressed bringing together thefirst interior face 11 of the first member 10 and the second interiorface 21 of the second member 20. FIG. 28 illustrates the surgicalfastener 80 in the closed position. When the hinge 30 is compressed, thetongue 40 is pushed into and is coupled with the notch 50 fixedlyattaching the tongue 40 into the notch 50.

In an alternative embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2C, the tongue 40 islocated at the distal end 102 of the first member 10 and the notch 50 ispresent at the distal end 202 of the second member 20. At least a secondtongue 40 and a complementary notch(s) 50 are also present at theproximal end 101 of the first member 10 and proximal end 201 of secondmember 20, respectively. The first member 10 and the second member 20are properly oriented so that the tongue 40 present at the distal end102 of the first member 10 and the corresponding complementary notchpresent at the distal end 202 of the second member 20 and the tongue 40present at the proximal end 101 of the first member 10 and thecorresponding complementary notch present at the proximal end 201 of thesecond member 20 align. Pushing the proximal ends and the distal ends ofthe first member 10 and second member 20 together so that eachcomplementary tongue 40 and notch 50 couple transitions the surgicalfastener 80 from the open position to the closed position. Surgicalfastener 80 may be maintained in the closed position by the coupledtongue 40 and notch 50 at the distal and proximal ends of the members ofsurgical fastener 80.

In yet another embodiment (not shown) of the surgical fastener 80, thedistal end 102 of first member 10 may have a tongue 40 and the firstmember 10 proximal end 101 may have a notch 50. The distal end 202 ofsecond member 20 has a notch 50, the notch 50 has dimensionscomplementary to the tongue 40 that is on the distal end 102 of firstmember 10. Similarly, the proximal end 201 of second member 20 has atongue 40 that couples with the notch 50 that is on the proximal end 101of first member 10. When the first member 10 and the second member 20 ofsurgical fastener 80 are placed in proximity and properly oriented, thetongue 40 and notch 50 on each member are aligned, then each tongue 40and notch 50 are coupled and the surgical fastener 80 transitions intothe closed position from the open position.

As shown in FIG. 2D, the surgical fastener 80 with integral anchor 100depicted and described in association with FIGS. 2A and 2B, may furtherinclude at least one first engagement element 40 and at least one secondengagement element 50. When the interior face 11 of the first member 10and the interior face 21 of the second member 20 are moved toward oneanother, the first engagement element pin 40, attached to the firstinterior face 11, couples with the second engagement element blind hole50, positioned on the second interior face 21. Thus, in this embodiment,the surgical fastener 80 is in the closed position when the matingtongue 40 and notch 50 are coupled and the first engagement element pin40 and the second engagement element blind hole 50 also couple.

The first member 10, second member 20, hinge section 30, firstengagement element 40, second engagement element 50, and anchor 100 mayeach be made of material selected from a group of permanent and non-bioabsorbable materials. Such permanent and non-bioabsorbable materialsinclude acetal homopolymers or copolymers, polyethylene, polypropylene,polycarbonate or Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and surgicalgrade metals; for example, titanium or stainless steel. Alternatively,each part of the surgical fastener 80 may be composed of materialselected from a group of materials that are gradually absorbed by thebody. Such materials include polyglycolic acid, polyactic acid andtrimethylene carbonate copolymers.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view of another embodiment of a surgical fastener80 comprising a first member 10, a second member 20, and an anchor 100in the open position of surgical fastener 80. The anchor 100 is attachedto the first interior face 11 of the first member 10. An aperture 50extends through the second member 20 from the first interior face 21 tothe second exterior face 22. Aperture 50 is configured to allow thetapered head 110 and the shank 120 of anchor 100 to pass through thesecond member 20 beyond the exterior face 22 of second member 20.Referring to FIG. 3B, in the second position of surgical fastener 80,the closed position, the first member 10 and the second member 20 arealigned and placed in proximity, an anchor 100 extends through theaperture 50, the aperture 50 extends through the second member 20. Thesurgical fastener 80 is coupled when the anchor 100 extends throughaperture 50. The portion 130 of anchor 100 that extends beyond thesecond exterior face 22 can be utilized to anchor the surgical fastener80 to an anatomical structure. The portion 130 of the anchor 100 thatextends beyond the second exterior face 22 includes some or all oftapered head 110 and may include some of shank 120.

Referring still to FIGS. 3A and 3B in one embodiment according to theinvention, the anchor 100 serves dually as an anchor for attachingsurgical materials to an anatomical structure and as the firstengagement element 40. The anchor 100 and the aperture 50 maintain thesurgical fastener 80 in the closed position illustrated in FIG. 3B whenit is secured to an anatomical structure described below. Referring toFIG. 3C, in one embodiment, the anchor 100 pierces the surgical material250 held within the surgical fastener 80 and then extends through thesecond member 20. Alternatively, the surgical material 250 may alsoinclude an aperture (not shown) configured such that the anchor 100passes therethrough and the surgical material 250 is not pierced by theanchor 100. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the surgicalmaterial 250 may be positioned within the surgical fastener 80 such thatthe anchor 100 does not pierce the surgical material 250. In someembodiments, when the surgical material 250 is not pierced by the anchor100, the surgical material 250 is held and maintained between theinterior face 11 of the first member 10 and the interior face 21 of thesecond member 20 by the tension between the anatomical structure andanchor 100 of surgical fastener 80. In alternative embodiments,additional engagement elements, for example a first engagement element40 pin and a second engagement element 50 blind hole may secure thesurgical material within the surgical fastener 80.

Surgical Fastener with Free Anchor

In another embodiment according to the invention, shown in FIG. 4A, thesurgical fastener 80 further includes a flexible tether 140. Theflexible tether 140 may be attached to the first member 10, the secondmember 20, or hinge section 30. In a particular embodiment, the flexibletether 140 is attached to either the proximal end 101 or the distal end102 of the first member 10 or the flexible tether 140 is attached to theproximal end 201 or the distal end 202 of the second member 20.Alternatively, the flexible tether 140 is coupled within the surgicalfastener 80 by a coupled first engagement element 40 and secondengagement element 50.

The embodiment depicted in FIG. 4A illustrates a surgical fastener 80with the anchor 100 attached by the flexible tether 140 to the hingesection 30. Thus, according to this embodiment of the invention, theanchor 100 is not attached to the first member 10 or the second member20.

FIGS. 4B to 4D illustrate a schematic view of another embodiment of thesurgical fastener according to the invention including a first member10, a second member 20, a hinge section 30, and a free anchor 100. Inthis embodiment of the surgical fastener 80, referring to FIG. 4C, thefirst member 10 defines an aperture 50 that extends through member 10,and the second member 20 defines an aperture 50 that extends throughmember 20. When the first member 10 and the second member 20 are placedin the closed position, illustrated in FIG. 4D, the apertures 50 locatedon each member, 10 and 20, are aligned and define an opening throughsurgical fastener 80 from the exterior face 22 of the second member 20,to the exterior face 12 of the first member 10. Anchor 100, bestillustrated in FIG. 4B, comprises a base 130, a shank 120, and a taperedhead 110. The apertures 50 through first member 10 and the second member20 of surgical fastener 80 and the base 130 are configured so that onlythe tapered head 110 and the shank 120 pass through the aperture 50 thatextends through the surgical fastener 80. In a preferred embodiment,base 130 of anchor 100 features an implantation device attachment site200 to facilitate releasable attachment of a detachable surgical anchorimplantation device (not shown).

In the embodiment of the surgical fastener 80 illustrated in FIGS. 4B to4D, the first member 10 features aperture 50 as the first engagementelement 40, the second, member 20 features an aperture 50 as the secondengagement element and the free anchor 100 functions as a thirdengagement element. Alternative surgical fasteners 80 feature both thefirst member 10 and the second member 20 but do not feature a hingesection 30 (not shown).

The surgical fastener 80 may be coupled in the closed position betweenan anatomical structure and base 130 by the anchor 100. In alternativeembodiments, other engagement elements, for example a first engagementelement 40 and a second engagement element 50 are employed to couple thesurgical fastener 80 transitioning the surgical fastener 80 into theclosed position. Exemplary first engagement elements 40 and secondengagement elements 50 are: a pin and a blind hole, a pin and anaperture, a ridge and a groove, and a tongue 48 and a notch 58. In yetanother embodiment, when the surgical fastener 80 is irreversiblycoupled, the first member 10 and the second member 20 may, for example,be maintained in proximity and in the closed portion.

Surgical Fastener System

In another aspect, the invention is a surgical fastener system 160. Inone embodiment, shown in FIG. 5A the surgical fastener system includesthe surgical fastener 80 with the anchor 100, and surgical material 250.The surgical fastener is similar to the surgical fastener 80 illustratedin FIG. 1F. In these embodiments shown in FIG. 5A, the pin 40 extendspart way through the aperture 50, leaving a portion of the aperture 50unfilled. The surgical fastener system 160 is secured to an anatomicalstructure by the anchor 100. Some or all of the tapered head 110 presentat the distal end of anchor 100 is implanted into an anatomicalstructure. A portion of shank 120, located between a member of surgicalfastener 80 and tapered head 110, may also be implanted into theanatomical structure. The anatomical structure that is the site ofanchor implantation may be cartilage, tissue, muscle, or ligament. In aparticular embodiment, the anchor 100 is implanted into bone.

Surgical Fastener System with Free Anchor

FIG. 5B provides a schematic view of another embodiment of a surgicalfastener system 160, employing the surgical fastener 80 including a freeanchor illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 4D, in accordance with the presentinvention. In this embodiment, the surgical fastener system 160 includesa surgical fastener 80 with a free anchor 100, and surgical material250.

Surgical fastener systems 160 can be used to anchor surgical material250 to anatomical structures. Preferable surgical materials 250 heldwithin the surgical fastener 80 include slings, sutures, meshes, yarns,tapes, threads, grafts, fabrics, and sheaths. The surgical materials 250are held within surgical fastener 80 by one or more combinations ofcoupled first engagement elements 40 and second engagement elements 50.Non limiting examples of coupled first and second engagement elementsemployed to secure surgical materials include: pins and cavities, pinsand apertures, ridges and grooves, tongues and notches, and anchors andapertures.

Method of Surgical Fastener Use

FIGS. 6A-6G diagramatically illustrate an embodiment according to theinvention for securing a surgical fastener system 160 to an anatomicalstructure to treat stress female urinary incontinence surgery. Ingeneral overview, the method includes the steps of providing at leastone surgical fastener 80 each comprising an anchor 100, as illustratedin conjunction with FIGS. 5A, 5B, and FIG. 6A, securing a first surgicalfastener 80 to a detachable surgical anchor implantation device 300(FIG. 6B), implanting the first surgical fastener 80 at the firstanatomical structure implantation site 310 (FIG. 6C), securing a secondsurgical fastener 80 in the detachable surgical anchor implantationdevice 300 (FIG. 6D), implanting the second surgical fastener 80 at thesecond anatomical structure implantation site 320 (FIG. 6E), andconfirming positioning of the surgical material 250 and the surgicalfaster(s) 80 of the surgical fastener system 160 at the first and secondanatomical structure implantation sites 310 and 320 (FIGS. 6F and 6G).

More specifically, in one embodiment, illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6G, of themethod according to the invention for implanting a surgical fastener atan implantation site in a body, the steps include providing a first anda second surgical fastener 80 (see FIGS. 4B to 4D and 5B) eachcomprising a first member 10 and a second member 20 and an anchor 100.The surgeon selects the appropriate size surgical material 250 dependingon the patient's anatomy and on the surgical application. The surgicalmaterial 250 is positioned within surgical fastener 80 on top of thefirst member 10 and a first engagement element 40. The surgical fastener80 is placed in the closed position securing the proximal end ofsurgical material 250 between the coupled first engagement element 40and second engagement element 50.

The surgeon secures the distal end of surgical material 250 through asecond surgical fastener 80. The length of surgical material 250 thatthe surgeon employs between the two surgical fasteners 80 will dependupon the surgical application. The surgical material 250 and the twosurgical fasteners 80 are an embodiment of the surgical fastener system160 of the invention. In one embodiment, a detachable surgical anchorimplantation device 300 is releasably attached, illustrated in FIG. 6B,to the base 130 of the anchor 100 of the surgical fastener 80 that issecured at one end of the surgical material 250, see also FIG. 5B. Theanchor 100 of the first surgical fastener 80 of the surgical fastenersystem 160 is implanted at a first anatomical implantation site 310 inthe body of the patient, illustrated in FIG. 6C. The detachable surgicalimplantation device 300 is released from the anchor 100 and thenreleasably attached to the base 130 of a second anchor 100 of a secondsurgical fastener 80 secured to the opposite end of the surgicalmaterial 250, illustrated in FIG. 6D. The second anchor 100 of thesecond surgical fastener 80 of the surgical fastener system 160 isimplanted at a second anatomical implantation site 320 inside the bodyof the patient, illustrated in FIG. 6E. The detachable surgicalimplantation device 300 is released from the second surgical fastener 80and the detachable surgical implantation device 300 is withdrawn fromthe patient's body, illustrated in FIG. 6F. The surgical fastener system160 including two surgical fasteners 80 and surgical material 250 remainin the patient's body illustrated in FIGS. 6F and 6G.

The surgical fastener of the present invention may be used in aplurality of surgical applications. Exemplary surgical applicationsutilizing these surgical fasteners include, without limitation, femalestress urinary incontinence support surgery.

1-23. (canceled)
 24. A surgical fastener, comprising: a proximal end anda distal end a first member comprising, a first interior face, a firstexterior face, and a first engagement element projecting from said firstinterior face at a first location between said proximal and distal ends;a second member comprising a second interior face, a second exteriorface, and a second engagement element, said second engagement elementcomplementary with said first engagement element at said first locationbetween said proximal and distal ends, wherein said first engagementelement interfits into said second engagement element to position saidfirst interior face of said first member and said second interior faceof said second member in proximity to each other; and an anchor locatedat a second location between said proximal and distal ends, differentfrom said first location and projecting from said first exterior face ofsaid first member, said anchor anchoring said surgical fastener at ananatomical site; wherein said anchor is attached to said first interiorface of said first member, and said second member comprises an aperturedefined by said second member wherein said anchor passes through saidaperture when said first interior face of said first member is inproximity with said second interior face of said second member.
 25. Thesurgical fastener of claim 24, wherein said first engagement elementcomprises said anchor.
 26. The surgical fastener of claim 24, furthercomprising a flexible tether wherein said anchor is attached to saidfirst member or said second member by said flexible tether.
 27. Thesurgical fastener of claim 24, wherein said first member defines a firstaperture extending through said first member, and said second memberdefines a second aperture aligned with said first aperture and extendingthrough said second member; wherein said first aperture and said secondaperture define an opening; wherein said anchor passes through saidopening.
 28. The surgical fastener of claim 27, wherein said anchorincludes a tapered head, a shank, and a base.
 29. The surgical fastenerof claim 28, wherein solely said tapered head and said shank of saidanchor pass through said opening and said base is adjacent said to saidexterior face of said first member or said second member.
 30. Thesurgical fastener of claim 28, wherein said base further comprises animplantation device attachment site.
 31. The surgical fastener of claim24, further comprising a hinge section wherein said hinge section joinssaid first member and said second member.
 32. The surgical fastener ofclaim 31, further comprising a flexible tether wherein said anchor isattached to said hinge by said flexible tether.
 33. The surgicalfastener of claim 24, wherein said first engagement element comprisesone or more pins positioned on said interior face of said first member;and said second engagement element is configured to couple with saidpins positioned on said first member, and wherein said second engagementelement comprises said second member defining a blind hole.
 34. Thesurgical fastener of claim 24, wherein said first engagement elementcomprises one or more ridges and said second engagement elementcomprises one or more complementary grooves.
 35. The surgical fastenerof claim 24, wherein said first engagement element comprises a tongueand wherein said second engagement element comprises a notch, said notchpositioned and shaped to couple with said tongue.
 36. The surgicalfastener of claim 35, wherein said first member further comprisesanother first engagement element and said second member furthercomprises another second engagement element.
 37. The surgical fastenerof claim 36, wherein said other first engagement element comprises a pinand said other second engagement element comprises a second memberdefining an aperture.
 38. The surgical fastener of claim 36, whereinsaid other first engagement element comprises a pin and said othersecond engagement element comprises said second member defining a blindhole.
 39. The surgical fastener of claim 36, wherein said second firstengagement element comprises one or more ridges and said secondengagement element comprises one or more complementary grooves.
 40. Thesurgical fastener of claim 35, wherein said tongue is positioned at saiddistal end of said first member and said notch is positioned at saiddistal end of said second member.
 41. The surgical fastener of claim 40,further comprising a hinge section wherein said hinge section joins saidproximal end of said first member and said proximal end of said secondmember.
 42. The surgical fastener of claim 40, wherein said first memberfurther comprises a second tongue positioned at said proximal end ofsaid first member and said second member further comprises a secondnotch positioned at said proximal end of said second member.
 43. Thesurgical fastener of claim 40, wherein said first member furthercomprises a notch positioned at said proximal end of said first memberand said second member further comprises a tongue positioned at saidproximal end of said second member.
 44. The surgical fastener of claim24, wherein said first member a first engagement element comprises afirst aperture extending through said first member; wherein said secondmember second engagement element comprises a second aperture extendingthrough said second member, wherein said first aperture and said secondaperture define an opening; and wherein said anchor is configured topass through said opening coupling said first member and said secondmember in the closed position.
 45. The surgical fastener of claim 44wherein said anchor comprises a base, a shank, and a tapered head,wherein said surgical fastener is anchored to an anatomical structure bysaid anchor and is positioned between said anatomical structure to whichsaid surgical fastener is secured and said base of said anchor.